India, in Infographics — India's public data, drawn. By Tushar Gupta.

India, in Infographics PolityPolicy by Tushar Gupta
Bar chart of 156 years of the all-India monsoon (1871 to 2026) as a percentage of normal, each bar coloured by that season's ocean state: El Nino years in red cluster below normal, La Nina years in yellow above, neutral years in green around it. El Nino years average 91 percent of normal against 105 percent in La Nina years; 2026 at 87 percent is the weakest in 11 years.Two-panel chart. Left: average monthly foreign flows into Indian equities were about three and a half times more negative in months the US ten-year yield rose than in months it fell. Right: September 2026 day by day, the US ten-year yield climbing from 4.79 to 5.24 percent while foreign investors sold hardest as it cleared five percent.Horizontal bar chart of emerging-market stock-market value growth from 2016 to September 2026, ranked by ten-year multiple. Taiwan grew 6.3 times and Saudi Arabia 5.9 times; India, highlighted in gold, nearly tripled at 2.8 times to 4.94 trillion dollars; the United States and China glow red below a for-scale divider.Stacked horizontal bar chart of renewable electricity generation for the 30 largest economies, ranked by total terawatt-hours and split into hydro, wind, solar and other. China's bar dwarfs the field at 3,921 TWh; India is fourth at 501 TWh, highlighted in cyan, with solar now its largest source.World choropleth of electricity demand per person in a single-hue magenta scale, dark for low and light for high. The wealthy north and the Gulf are bright; Africa and South Asia are dark. India, outlined in cyan and drawn to its official boundary, is low at about 1,423 kWh per person, 139th of 214 countries.Ranked horizontal bar chart of electricity consumption for the 30 largest economies in 2025, China at 10,573 TWh down to Ireland at 37, with India third and highlighted in yellow; a per-person view re-ranks the field and India falls to last.Grouped bar chart, FY2005-06 to FY2025-26, of India's three state oil marketers IOC, BPCL and HPCL. Each bar is a company's revenue with its net profit drawn as a glowing cap on top. Revenue roughly doubles while the profit caps swing from near zero to a record in FY2023-24; HPCL's FY2022-23 loss dips below the line.Stacked area wave chart, 2021 to 2026. Coloured bands stack what a litre of petrol in Delhi would cost if the international crude price were passed straight through — crude, the oil companies’ making-charge, frozen central duties, the dealer’s cut and state VAT — and a flat teal line rides on top showing the posted pump price actually paid. The wave towers over the line in the 2022 Ukraine shock (crude-linked 133 rupees) and the 2026 Iran war (145 rupees) while the pump price stays near 95 to 102 rupees. The gap between them is the consumer’s shield: 10.9 rupees a litre on average, positive on 93% of days.Dual-axis daily line chart: Brent and WTI crude in dollars a barrel on the left, the rupee per dollar on the right, through the 2026 Iran war from 2 March to 15 September. Brent peaks at $138 on 7 April, collapses to $69 by early July on a deal to reopen the Strait of Hormuz, then surges above $130 by mid-September; the rupee weakens from 91.5 to 96.8 and never fully recovers. Eight clickable war events and a reported war-risk insurance premium overlay; India's crude import bill rose 48% to $74.8 billion, or 62% to over 7 trillion rupees.Indexed line chart of retail petrol prices in 19 of the top 20 economies, set to 100 at the eve of the war (late February 2026), through the 2026 Iran war oil shock. Full pass-through economies (the US +42%, Indonesia +38%, Australia +36%, Germany +31% at a national record) rise steeply; managed economies including India (+7%), Brazil (+4%) and Japan (+10%, behind a subsidy) rise little; Saudi Arabia is flat by decree. The same oil shock produced very different pump prices because of tax and subsidy policy.Ranked bar chart of India's top merchandise exports to the United States in 2024, coloured by who pays a tariff. Most is replaceable so the Indian exporter pays; but 61% by value across 36 categories is either America's own brands made in India or goods it cannot replace, where the US buyer pays. Generic medicines, carpets, cumin and guar gum have no substitute.Solid-colour rank matrix of rare earths and six critical minerals across three stages — reserves, mine output and processing. Each tile is a country; India is yellow. India appears in only four of 21 cells (rare-earth and manganese reserves and output) and none in processing, where China leads every row, refining 70 to 96 percent of all seven minerals.Grouped stacked bar chart of India's monthly trade, September 2023 to August 2026: each month two bars, exports (merchandise red, services yellow) and imports (merchandise blue, services green), US$ billion, with year-on-year growth above each bar. Import bars stay taller than export bars; by August 2026 exports reach about $82.7bn and imports about $92.1bn.Area chart of the average value per UPI transaction by month, December 2016 to August 2026, in rupees: a peak near ₹4,424 in February 2017 falling unevenly to about ₹1,217 by August 2026 as UPI shifts from large transfers to everyday small payments.Four-line chart of India's trade, FY2014-15 to FY2025-26, US$ billion: merchandise exports (red), services exports (gold), merchandise imports (cyan) and services imports (violet). Merchandise imports rise highest to $776bn against $441bn of goods exports; services exports climb to $421bn, more than twice services imports at $204bn.Stacked bar chart of India's exports FY2004-05 to FY2025-26, US$ billion, merchandise (red) plus services (yellow). The total rises from $127 billion to a record $863 billion; services grow from $43 billion to $421 billion, nearly catching merchandise at $441 billion in FY2025-26.Two charts. Left: 22 annual bars of India's imports from China, FY2004-05 to FY2025-26, rising from $7.1 billion to a record $131.6 billion in three colour blocs totalling $324bn, $755bn and $245bn. Right: the FY2025-26 bill by sector, led by Electronics & IT at $44.4 billion, then Machinery & Capital Goods $20.3 billion and Pharma & Fine Chemicals $13.9 billion.Bar chart of merchant-marine officers by nationality in 2026: Philippines 203,179, India 140,718 (highlighted, 13.4% of the world's officers), China 110,893, Russia 85,816, Indonesia 72,304. India ranks second, up from fifth a decade ago, with the fleet facing a 113,735-officer shortfall by 2030.Stacked monthly bar chart of Saudi seaborne crude loadings, split into Persian Gulf (yellow) and Red Sea (red), January 2025 to August 2026. Before the Iran war almost all crude left via the Persian Gulf at about 5 million barrels a day; from late February 2026 loadings flip to the Red Sea and total shipments fall to a war low of 3.23 million barrels a day in August.World map of 28 maritime oil chokepoints as glowing beacons sized by ships per year. India's crude gates blaze bright yellow — Hormuz 45%, Suez and Bab el-Mandeb 40%, the Cape of Good Hope 14%, three gates about 85% — while the world's busiest gates in East Asia glow gold and carry none of India's oil. India drawn with the whole of Kashmir and Ladakh.Colour matrix of India's global manufacturing rank across 19 industries and ranks 1 to 7. India's tiles glow yellow, each other country a solid colour, China ringed at rank 1 in most rows. India is #1 or #2 in 13 of 19 industries, almost always second to China.Line chart of India's signed merchandise trade balance with its BRICS partners, 2000 to 2024, US dollars billion. China falls alone to about minus 112 billion; Russia dives after 2022 to about minus 62 billion on discounted oil; the UAE and Indonesia sit near minus 19 billion; Brazil, Egypt, Iran and Ethiopia stay near balance. India runs a deficit with five of nine.Four monthly lines in US dollars billion, January 2015 to July 2026. India in red (total merchandise imports, ending about $76bn) and yellow (total exports, about $44bn); China in cyan (chip imports, climbing to about $64bn) and green (chip exports, about $39bn). The two Chinese chip-only lines rise from the floor to nearly meet India's entire-trade lines.Line chart of general government debt as a percent of GDP for eight major economies, 2005 to 2024. Japan runs from 153% to 214%, Italy near 135%, the United States 66% to 122%, the UK 41% to 100%, China 26% to 90%, Germany 67% to 62%, Russia flat near 15%. India, in red, begins at 82% and ends at 85% — essentially flat while the others rise to meet it.Three ranked columns of the world's 30 biggest agricultural exporters. By exports (US$ billion, 2023) the United States, Brazil and the Netherlands lead and India is 16th. By farm value added per hectare the Netherlands, Vietnam and Malaysia lead and India is 6th. By domestic consumption — farm value added — China leads and India is 2nd at $637 billion. India is drawn in red in every column.Two bars on one dollar scale. The 2026 FCNR window costs about $2.8 billion a year net to carry (gross coupon $8.3 billion) on $127 billion of borrowed dollars, principal due from 2029. Defending the rupee by selling reserves had already cost $46.88 billion in a single quarter, February to June 2026 — permanent, owned dollars sold into a rising dollar; one quarter of the burn overshoots three years of the window's gross coupon.A bar chart comparing India’s forex reserves on 27 February 2026, $728.49 billion, with the 2026 FCNR(B) swap window of $127.22 billion — about a sixth of reserves — and the smaller 2013 window of $34 billion, all drawn to the same dollar scale.A grid showing India’s sovereign credit rating from seven agencies between 2004 and 2026, one row per agency and one column per year, with each cell coloured by the rating. Japan Credit Rating Agency reaches A minus in 2026 while Moody’s and Fitch remain at BBB minus, the lowest investment gradeAn area chart of India’s current account balance as a share of GDP from 2004 to 2026. The deficit deepens to 4.8 per cent in 2012, recovers to a 0.9 per cent surplus in 2020, and is projected at 2.0 per cent in 2026. Years under the UPA are shaded red and years under Modi yellowA stacked area chart of India’s monthly crude imports by origin from January 2019 to January 2026. Russia is a sliver until February 2022, when it is zero, then rises to 45.9 per cent of all imports by May 2023 and falls back to 22.2 per cent by January 2026A stacked area chart of freight trains run each month on India’s Dedicated Freight Corridors from December 2020 to March 2025, eastern corridor below and western above, rising from 17 trains in the first month to 12,497 in the last, with the opening fifteen months redrawn in a magnified insetSix small-multiple line charts of the Union government’s spending heads as shares of total expenditure from 1986-87 to 2025-26, all on the same 0 to 45 per cent scale. Interest on debt rises from 14.7 to 25.2 per cent, capital outlay from 14.7 to 17.7, defence falls from 16.7 to 9.7, subsidies hold near 8.5, and lending to states collapses from 20.3 to 4.5. Everything else, a residual, runs at 34.5 per centTwo stacked line charts of Union government capital expenditure from 1975-76 to 2026-27 — as a share of GDP, peaking at 7.0 per cent in 1978-79 and bottoming at 1.6 per cent in 2017-18; and as a share of all central spending, falling from 44 per cent to 12 and recovering to 23. Vertical bands mark the governing party of each fiscal yearEight seasons of India's sugar balance: each season two columns of equal height, opening stock plus gross production against the four destinations — eaten in India, diverted to ethanol, exported, and left in the warehouse. Ethanol grows from 0.5 to 3.1 million tonnes while exports collapse from 11.1 to 0.7Punjab on the State Finances Matrix, CAG 2024-25: a grid of ten fiscal measures against the other 27 states, one cell per match-up — almost every cell is red, and Punjab ranks ahead of 0 of 27 statesGujarat on the State Finances Matrix, CAG 2024-25: a grid of ten fiscal measures against the other 27 states, one cell per match-up — almost every cell is green, and Gujarat ranks ahead of 25 of 27 statesThree grids of 100 dots each: 84 of 100 Indian taxpayers earn under Rs 10 lakh, those 84 broken into their own income bands with 32 in the Rs 5.5 to 9.5 lakh band, and Rs 51 of every Rs 100 declared belonging to those 84Two bars comparing India's tax filers with the income they declared, AY 2023-24: 84% of filers earn under Rs 10 lakh but declare only 51% of the income, while 8% earn above Rs 15 lakh and declare 37%. India's per capita income that year was Rs 1.69 lakhDeaths from Naxal violence in India each year from 2004 to 2026, peaking at 1,005 in 2010 and falling to 100 in 2025

39 graphics. Newest first. Every one opens on its own page.

Bar chart of 156 years of the all-India monsoon (1871 to 2026) as a percentage of normal, each bar coloured by that season's ocean state: El Nino years in red cluster below normal, La Nina years in yellow above, neutral years in green around it. El Nino years average 91 percent of normal against 105 percent in La Nina years; 2026 at 87 percent is the weakest in 11 years.In El Niño Years, India’s Monsoon Runs DryClimate · All-India Southwest Monsoon As % Of Normal, 1871 → 2026, By The State Of The PacificTwo-panel chart. Left: average monthly foreign flows into Indian equities were about three and a half times more negative in months the US ten-year yield rose than in months it fell. Right: September 2026 day by day, the US ten-year yield climbing from 4.79 to 5.24 percent while foreign investors sold hardest as it cleared five percent.When America’s Yields Rise, Foreign Money Leaves IndiaMarkets · US 10-Year Treasury Yield Vs Foreign (FII) Selling In Indian Equities, 2024 → September 2026Horizontal bar chart of emerging-market stock-market value growth from 2016 to September 2026, ranked by ten-year multiple. Taiwan grew 6.3 times and Saudi Arabia 5.9 times; India, highlighted in gold, nearly tripled at 2.8 times to 4.94 trillion dollars; the United States and China glow red below a for-scale divider.A Decade Of EM Equity: India Nearly Tripled, Taiwan Just Passed ItMarkets · Stock-Market Value Of The Major Emerging Markets, 2016 → September 2026, In US DollarsStacked horizontal bar chart of renewable electricity generation for the 30 largest economies, ranked by total terawatt-hours and split into hydro, wind, solar and other. China's bar dwarfs the field at 3,921 TWh; India is fourth at 501 TWh, highlighted in cyan, with solar now its largest source.Renewable Power: India Generates The World's Fourth-MostEnergy · Renewable Electricity Generation By Source, Top 30 Economies, Latest YearWorld choropleth of electricity demand per person in a single-hue magenta scale, dark for low and light for high. The wealthy north and the Gulf are bright; Africa and South Asia are dark. India, outlined in cyan and drawn to its official boundary, is low at about 1,423 kWh per person, 139th of 214 countries.Electricity Per Person: India Ranks 139th Of 214Energy · Per-Capita Electricity Demand Across Every Country With Data, Latest Available YearRanked horizontal bar chart of electricity consumption for the 30 largest economies in 2025, China at 10,573 TWh down to Ireland at 37, with India third and highlighted in yellow; a per-person view re-ranks the field and India falls to last.India’s Electricity: 3rd In Total, Last Per PersonEnergy · Electricity Demand Of The World’s 30 Largest Economies, 2025 · Plus India’s 1986–2025 ClimbGrouped bar chart, FY2005-06 to FY2025-26, of India's three state oil marketers IOC, BPCL and HPCL. Each bar is a company's revenue with its net profit drawn as a glowing cap on top. Revenue roughly doubles while the profit caps swing from near zero to a record in FY2023-24; HPCL's FY2022-23 loss dips below the line.Two Decades Of India’s Oil-Marketer ProfitsEnergy · Revenue And Net Profit Of IOC, BPCL & HPCL, FY2005-06 To FY2025-26Stacked area wave chart, 2021 to 2026. Coloured bands stack what a litre of petrol in Delhi would cost if the international crude price were passed straight through — crude, the oil companies’ making-charge, frozen central duties, the dealer’s cut and state VAT — and a flat teal line rides on top showing the posted pump price actually paid. The wave towers over the line in the 2022 Ukraine shock (crude-linked 133 rupees) and the 2026 Iran war (145 rupees) while the pump price stays near 95 to 102 rupees. The gap between them is the consumer’s shield: 10.9 rupees a litre on average, positive on 93% of days.You Were Shielded From Crude’s Wildest YearsEnergy & Prices · Delhi’s Frozen Petrol Price Against The Crude-Linked “Wave”, Daily 2021–2026Dual-axis daily line chart: Brent and WTI crude in dollars a barrel on the left, the rupee per dollar on the right, through the 2026 Iran war from 2 March to 15 September. Brent peaks at $138 on 7 April, collapses to $69 by early July on a deal to reopen the Strait of Hormuz, then surges above $130 by mid-September; the rupee weakens from 91.5 to 96.8 and never fully recovers. Eight clickable war events and a reported war-risk insurance premium overlay; India's crude import bill rose 48% to $74.8 billion, or 62% to over 7 trillion rupees.Oil’s Round Trip, The Rupee’s One-Way SlideEnergy & Geopolitics · Daily Brent & WTI Crude Against The Rupee Through The 2026 Iran War, March–SeptemberIndexed line chart of retail petrol prices in 19 of the top 20 economies, set to 100 at the eve of the war (late February 2026), through the 2026 Iran war oil shock. Full pass-through economies (the US +42%, Indonesia +38%, Australia +36%, Germany +31% at a national record) rise steeply; managed economies including India (+7%), Brazil (+4%) and Japan (+10%, behind a subsidy) rise little; Saudi Arabia is flat by decree. The same oil shock produced very different pump prices because of tax and subsidy policy.India Is Dodging The Energy Inflation That Hit The World’s PumpsEnergy & Geopolitics · Retail Petrol In 19 Of The Top-20 Economies, Change Since The Eve Of The 2026 Iran WarRanked bar chart of India's top merchandise exports to the United States in 2024, coloured by who pays a tariff. Most is replaceable so the Indian exporter pays; but 61% by value across 36 categories is either America's own brands made in India or goods it cannot replace, where the US buyer pays. Generic medicines, carpets, cumin and guar gum have no substitute.Trump’s 100% Tariffs Tantrum: The Cost Will Be Paid By Americans, EventuallyTrade & Geopolitics · India’s Top Merchandise Exports To The US & Who A Tariff Actually Hurts, 2024Solid-colour rank matrix of rare earths and six critical minerals across three stages — reserves, mine output and processing. Each tile is a country; India is yellow. India appears in only four of 21 cells (rare-earth and manganese reserves and output) and none in processing, where China leads every row, refining 70 to 96 percent of all seven minerals.Rare Earths & Critical Minerals: China Owns The ChokepointThe Big Picture · Reserves, Mine Output & Processing Across Seven Minerals, 2025–26Grouped stacked bar chart of India's monthly trade, September 2023 to August 2026: each month two bars, exports (merchandise red, services yellow) and imports (merchandise blue, services green), US$ billion, with year-on-year growth above each bar. Import bars stay taller than export bars; by August 2026 exports reach about $82.7bn and imports about $92.1bn.India's Trade, Month By Month: Exports Versus ImportsTrade · Monthly Exports + Imports, Goods + Services, Sep 2023–Aug 2026Area chart of the average value per UPI transaction by month, December 2016 to August 2026, in rupees: a peak near ₹4,424 in February 2017 falling unevenly to about ₹1,217 by August 2026 as UPI shifts from large transfers to everyday small payments.The Average UPI Payment Fell From ₹4,400 To ₹1,217Digital Payments · Average Value Per UPI Transaction, Dec 2016–Aug 2026Four-line chart of India's trade, FY2014-15 to FY2025-26, US$ billion: merchandise exports (red), services exports (gold), merchandise imports (cyan) and services imports (violet). Merchandise imports rise highest to $776bn against $441bn of goods exports; services exports climb to $421bn, more than twice services imports at $204bn.A Widening Goods Deficit, A Rising Services SurplusTrade & Exports · Exports + Imports, Goods + Services, FY2014-15–FY2025-26Stacked bar chart of India's exports FY2004-05 to FY2025-26, US$ billion, merchandise (red) plus services (yellow). The total rises from $127 billion to a record $863 billion; services grow from $43 billion to $421 billion, nearly catching merchandise at $441 billion in FY2025-26.India’s Exports Hit $863 Billion — And Services Have Almost Caught GoodsTrade & Exports · India’s Exports Of Goods + Services, FY2004-05–FY2025-26Two charts. Left: 22 annual bars of India's imports from China, FY2004-05 to FY2025-26, rising from $7.1 billion to a record $131.6 billion in three colour blocs totalling $324bn, $755bn and $245bn. Right: the FY2025-26 bill by sector, led by Electronics & IT at $44.4 billion, then Machinery & Capital Goods $20.3 billion and Pharma & Fine Chemicals $13.9 billion.India’s China Import Bill Went From $7 Billion To $131.6 BillionTrade & Dependence · India’s Imports From China, FY2004-05–FY2025-26Bar chart of merchant-marine officers by nationality in 2026: Philippines 203,179, India 140,718 (highlighted, 13.4% of the world's officers), China 110,893, Russia 85,816, Indonesia 72,304. India ranks second, up from fifth a decade ago, with the fleet facing a 113,735-officer shortfall by 2030.The World’s Ships Increasingly Run On Indian OfficersMaritime & Trade · Merchant-Marine Officers By Nationality, 2026Stacked monthly bar chart of Saudi seaborne crude loadings, split into Persian Gulf (yellow) and Red Sea (red), January 2025 to August 2026. Before the Iran war almost all crude left via the Persian Gulf at about 5 million barrels a day; from late February 2026 loadings flip to the Red Sea and total shipments fall to a war low of 3.23 million barrels a day in August.Saudi Arabia Shuts The Pipeline Feeding Its Red Sea ExportsEnergy & Security · Monthly Crude Loadings, Persian Gulf Vs Red Sea, 2025–26World map of 28 maritime oil chokepoints as glowing beacons sized by ships per year. India's crude gates blaze bright yellow — Hormuz 45%, Suez and Bab el-Mandeb 40%, the Cape of Good Hope 14%, three gates about 85% — while the world's busiest gates in East Asia glow gold and carry none of India's oil. India drawn with the whole of Kashmir and Ladakh.The Gates That Decide Whether India Gets Its OilEnergy & Security · The World’s 28 Maritime Oil Chokepoints, By Ships A YearColour matrix of India's global manufacturing rank across 19 industries and ranks 1 to 7. India's tiles glow yellow, each other country a solid colour, China ringed at rank 1 in most rows. India is #1 or #2 in 13 of 19 industries, almost always second to China.India: The Third-Largest Economy In The MakingThe Big Picture · Global Manufacturing Rank Across 19 Industries, 2025–26Line chart of India's signed merchandise trade balance with its BRICS partners, 2000 to 2024, US dollars billion. China falls alone to about minus 112 billion; Russia dives after 2022 to about minus 62 billion on discounted oil; the UAE and Indonesia sit near minus 19 billion; Brazil, Egypt, Iran and Ethiopia stay near balance. India runs a deficit with five of nine.China Towers Over India’s BRICS DeficitsTrade & Geopolitics · Trade Balance With Nine BRICS Partners, 2000–2024Four monthly lines in US dollars billion, January 2015 to July 2026. India in red (total merchandise imports, ending about $76bn) and yellow (total exports, about $44bn); China in cyan (chip imports, climbing to about $64bn) and green (chip exports, about $39bn). The two Chinese chip-only lines rise from the floor to nearly meet India's entire-trade lines.China’s Chip Trade Now Rivals All Of India’sTrade & Technology · Chips Vs A Whole Country’s Trade, 2015–2026Line chart of general government debt as a percent of GDP for eight major economies, 2005 to 2024. Japan runs from 153% to 214%, Italy near 135%, the United States 66% to 122%, the UK 41% to 100%, China 26% to 90%, Germany 67% to 62%, Russia flat near 15%. India, in red, begins at 82% and ends at 85% — essentially flat while the others rise to meet it.India’s Debt Held Still, the World’s RoseMacro & Markets · Government Debt to GDP, 2005–2024Three ranked columns of the world's 30 biggest agricultural exporters. By exports (US$ billion, 2023) the United States, Brazil and the Netherlands lead and India is 16th. By farm value added per hectare the Netherlands, Vietnam and Malaysia lead and India is 6th. By domestic consumption — farm value added — China leads and India is 2nd at $637 billion. India is drawn in red in every column.India Grows the Most, Sells the LeastTrade & Agriculture · The Same 30 Exporters, Three RankingsTwo bars on one dollar scale. The 2026 FCNR window costs about $2.8 billion a year net to carry (gross coupon $8.3 billion) on $127 billion of borrowed dollars, principal due from 2029. Defending the rupee by selling reserves had already cost $46.88 billion in a single quarter, February to June 2026 — permanent, owned dollars sold into a rising dollar; one quarter of the burn overshoots three years of the window's gross coupon.What FCNR Costs, Against The BurnMacro & Markets · FCNR’s Carry Vs A Reserve BurnA bar chart comparing India’s forex reserves on 27 February 2026, $728.49 billion, with the 2026 FCNR(B) swap window of $127.22 billion — about a sixth of reserves — and the smaller 2013 window of $34 billion, all drawn to the same dollar scale.$127 Billion In Twelve WeeksMacro & Markets · The 2026 FCNR(B) Swap WindowA grid showing India’s sovereign credit rating from seven agencies between 2004 and 2026, one row per agency and one column per year, with each cell coloured by the rating. Japan Credit Rating Agency reaches A minus in 2026 while Moody’s and Fitch remain at BBB minus, the lowest investment gradeFour Upgrades In Sixteen MonthsMacro & Markets · Twenty-Three Years, 2004 To 2026An area chart of India’s current account balance as a share of GDP from 2004 to 2026. The deficit deepens to 4.8 per cent in 2012, recovers to a 0.9 per cent surplus in 2020, and is projected at 2.0 per cent in 2026. Years under the UPA are shaded red and years under Modi yellowFive External Shocks Since 2020Macro & Trade · Twenty-Three Years, 2004 To 2026A stacked area chart of India’s monthly crude imports by origin from January 2019 to January 2026. Russia is a sliver until February 2022, when it is zero, then rises to 45.9 per cent of all imports by May 2023 and falls back to 22.2 per cent by January 2026No Russian Oil The Month Of The InvasionEnergy & Strategy · Eighty-Five Months, Jan 2019 To Jan 2026A stacked area chart of freight trains run each month on India’s Dedicated Freight Corridors from December 2020 to March 2025, eastern corridor below and western above, rising from 17 trains in the first month to 12,497 in the last, with the opening fifteen months redrawn in a magnified insetSeventeen Trains, Then 147,990Rail & Freight · Fifty-Two Months, Dec 2020 To Mar 2025Six small-multiple line charts of the Union government’s spending heads as shares of total expenditure from 1986-87 to 2025-26, all on the same 0 to 45 per cent scale. Interest on debt rises from 14.7 to 25.2 per cent, capital outlay from 14.7 to 17.7, defence falls from 16.7 to 9.7, subsidies hold near 8.5, and lending to states collapses from 20.3 to 4.5. Everything else, a residual, runs at 34.5 per centEvery Rupee The Centre SpendsMoney & The State · Forty Years, 1986–87 To 2025–26Two stacked line charts of Union government capital expenditure from 1975-76 to 2026-27 — as a share of GDP, peaking at 7.0 per cent in 1978-79 and bottoming at 1.6 per cent in 2017-18; and as a share of all central spending, falling from 44 per cent to 12 and recovering to 23. Vertical bands mark the governing party of each fiscal yearThe Fall And Rise Of India’s CapexMoney & The State · Fifty-Two Years, 1975–76 To 2026–27Eight seasons of India's sugar balance: each season two columns of equal height, opening stock plus gross production against the four destinations — eaten in India, diverted to ethanol, exported, and left in the warehouse. Ethanol grows from 0.5 to 3.1 million tonnes while exports collapse from 11.1 to 0.7Every Tonne Of Sugar India Could Have MadeMoney & The State · Eight Seasons, 2018–19 To 2025–26Punjab on the State Finances Matrix, CAG 2024-25: a grid of ten fiscal measures against the other 27 states, one cell per match-up — almost every cell is red, and Punjab ranks ahead of 0 of 27 statesPunjab: Alarm Bells Across The BoardMoney & The State · State Finances 2024–25, CAGGujarat on the State Finances Matrix, CAG 2024-25: a grid of ten fiscal measures against the other 27 states, one cell per match-up — almost every cell is green, and Gujarat ranks ahead of 25 of 27 statesGujarat: Fiscally The Strongest State In IndiaMoney & The State · State Finances 2024–25, CAGThree grids of 100 dots each: 84 of 100 Indian taxpayers earn under Rs 10 lakh, those 84 broken into their own income bands with 32 in the Rs 5.5 to 9.5 lakh band, and Rs 51 of every Rs 100 declared belonging to those 84If India Had Just 100 TaxpayersMoney & The State · Individual Tax Returns, AY 2023–24Two bars comparing India's tax filers with the income they declared, AY 2023-24: 84% of filers earn under Rs 10 lakh but declare only 51% of the income, while 8% earn above Rs 15 lakh and declare 37%. India's per capita income that year was Rs 1.69 lakhWho Is India’s Middle Class?Money & The State · The Tax Data Has An Answer — AY 2023–24Deaths from Naxal violence in India each year from 2004 to 2026, peaking at 1,005 in 2010 and falling to 100 in 2025Deaths From Naxal ViolenceSecurity & The State · India, 2004 — 2026